Endo-urology and stone diseases

Kidney stones are formed as a result of mineral deposits that crystallize together within the urine's aqueous medium in the renal collecting system. Stones can migrate into the ureters and bladder and eventually be expelled with the flow of urine. Kidney stones can vary in size, ranging from tiny grains of sand to larger ones. They can be smooth, jagged, solitary, or multiple.

The kidneys are responsible for maintaining the body's water and electrolyte balance. Urine is the final product of filtering waste and toxins from the body. In certain situations, substances that dissolve in urine, such as calcium, oxalate, and phosphate (mineral salts), can become insoluble and appear as crystals in the urine. Kidney stone formation occurs when these crystals bind together, forming a solid mass.